Eric Chow/The Globe and Mail
Canada’s National Dream, the modern edition, began in 1953. That was the year Don Mills, the country’s first large-scale, fully planned suburb, began selling affordable, ranch-style homes north of Toronto. Immediately, middle-class Canadian families yearning for their own bit of heaven – a yard, a garage and room for the children to play – began packing their bags for the burbs.
And almost as quickly, folks who claimed to know better were complaining about it. In 1954, a national report by Maclean’s titled Why Live in the Suburbs? highlighted a litany of social, environmental, economic and congestion problems arising from these newfangled housing developments: “Mile upon mile it sprawls, subdivision after subdivision, and…there is no sign it will stop,” the author groused. One expert in the article called the suburbs “a ghastly mess.”
Not much has changed in 65 years. People are still flocking to the suburbs. And the experts are still complaining about it. But after more than half a century, isn't it time to finally admit Canadians would simply rather live in the burbs and figure out how to make that happen?
Earlier this year, the Council of Canadian Urbanism announced 67% of all Canadians live in what it calls “auto suburbs," meaning low-density housing where a car is necessary to get around. “Active cores” – downtown areas where high-rises and transit dominate – constitute a mere 14% of the country’s population. And almost all the new growth over the past decade has occurred in car-centric suburban areas. “[Big-city] downtowns may be full of new condo towers, but there is five times as much population growth on the suburban edges,” the report observes.
“It’s shocking,” states David Gordon, one of the authors of the report and a professor at Queen’s University’s School of Urban and Regional Planning. “As a professional planner, I know the subject of urban sprawl has been on the radar for a long time,” he says. “Yet we are still getting a lot more of it.” His report hammers a long list of social, environmental, economic and congestion problems tied to suburban development that can only be solved by discouraging further expansion. “The suburbs have a sustainability problem,” Gordon firmly declares. His list of unsustainable problems is almost identical to the one critics laid at the feet of the suburbs decades ago.
While Gordon's work adopts a usefully rigorous approach to estimating the size and growth of Canada's suburbs, it drops any pretense to science or logic when assessing their inherent worth. They're always a problem in need of fixing. Admittedly, suburban living creates significant issues around commuting time, energy use and municipal servicing costs that require careful consideration. But the suburb-as-pejorative routine is grotesquely overdone.
More Canadians live in the suburbs—
and the burbs are gorwing faster too
% living
downtown in
“active cores”
in 2016
% living in the
suburbs in 2016
% of totalpopulation
growth in suburbs
from 2006-2016
79%
90%
91%
Edmonton
1,321,426
Vancouver
2,463,431
Calgary
1,392,609
8%
16%
12%
17%
12%
15%
Toronto
5,928,040
Ottawa
1,323,783
Montreal
4,098,927
84%
83%
74%
15%
Growth in the number
of people living in
metropolitan areas
(including suburbs
and downtown from
2006-2016
9%
Growth rate in “active
cores,” where a high
percentage walk or
cycle to work
17%
Growth rate in “auto suburbs.” where people commute by car
8%
Growth rate in “transit
suburbs,” where
people are more likely
to use public transit
for work
SOURCE: SCHOOL OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY; DR.DAVID GORDON
More Canadians live in the suburbs—
and the burbs are gorwing faster too
% living
downtown in
“active cores”
in 2016
% living in the
suburbs in 2016
% of totalpopulation
growth in suburbs
from 2006-2016
79%
90%
91%
Edmonton
1,321,426
Vancouver
2,463,431
Calgary
1,392,609
8%
16%
12%
17%
12%
15%
Toronto
5,928,040
Ottawa
1,323,783
Montreal
4,098,927
84%
83%
74%
15%
Growth in the number
of people living in
metropolitan areas
(including suburbs
and downtown from
2006-2016
9%
Growth rate in “active
cores,” where a high
percentage walk or
cycle to work
8%
Growth rate in “transit
suburbs,” where
people are more likely
to use public transit
for work
17%
Growth rate in
“auto suburbs.”
where people
commute by car
SOURCE: SCHOOL OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY; DR.DAVID GORDON
More Canadians live in the suburbs—and the burbs are growing faster too
% living in the
suburbs in 2016
% living downtown in
“active cores” in 2016
% of total population growth
in suburbs from 2006-2016
Calgary
1,392,609
Toronto
5,928,040
91%
83%
12%
12%
Edmonton
1,321,426
Ottawa
1,323,783
15%
8%
90%
74%
17%
16%
Vancouver
2,463,431
Montreal
4,098,927
79%
84%
15%
Growth in the
number of people
living in
metropolitan areas
(including suburbs
and downtown
from 2006-2016
9%
Growth rate in
“active cores,”
where a high
percentage walk or
cycle to work
8%
Growth rate in
“transit suburbs,”
where people are
more likely to use
public transit for
work
17%
Growth rate in
“auto suburbs.”
where people
commute by car
SOURCE: SCHOOL OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING, QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY; DR.DAVID GORDON
Many of the complaints Gordon’s study heaps on suburban living – it leads to obesity, for example – have been disproven. (“We find no evidence that urban sprawl causes obesity,” reports a study appearing in the Journal of Urban Economics.) Other gripes are purely ideological in nature, such as the claim that suburbs give rise to divisive politics. And Gordon’s report makes no mention of key factors that might cause families to rationally eschew downtown living for a suburban retreat, like crime, noise and lack of space.
Murtaza Haider, an outspoken and iconoclastic professor of real estate at Ryerson University’s Ted Rogers School of Management, says part of the suburbs' reputational problem lies in the downtown mindset of planners themselves. “The underlying philosophy of urban planning has always been that suburbs are bad. They are never recognized as having any virtue,” he says. Yet it’s hard to imagine anything being this popular without having a few arguments in its favour.
Chief among those virtues is price. “The suburbs are affordable,” says Haider bluntly, pointing out that rents in downtown Toronto are double those in the outer ring of the Greater Toronto Area. Anyone truly concerned about housing affordability ought to be a tireless advocate for more suburban development on cheap and plentiful farmland.
Besides being easier on the budget, the Suburban Dream also aligns perfectly with what most families actually want. “Whenever you ask people what kind of house they’d like, the majority view – without exception – is a single-family detached home,” says Haider. In the most recent survey of Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp., nearly two-thirds of all prospective homebuyers say a single-detached house is their preferred option.
The suburbs also seem to improve your mood. Work published earlier this year by University of British Columbia economist John Helliwell finds a strong correlation among lower housing prices, lower-density housing and selfreported happiness. “Life is significantly less happy in urban areas,” his study concludes. While rural residents are the happiest of all, people living in suburb-heavy cities such as Calgary, Oshawa and Trois-Rivières are also high on the leaderboard. Hyper-dense Vancouver, a city Gordon considers the “poster child” for good urban planning and intensification, is the unhappiest place in the country. It’s also Canada’s least affordable city.
People like living in the suburbs. They really, really like it.
Yes, commuting times can be brutal, and suburban residents may consume more energy per capita than city dwellers, but the situation isn't universally grim.
According to Infinite Suburbia, a global research project seeking to change professional opinions about the suburbs, low-density living offers not only congenial and affordable housing for the masses but also some unheralded environmental and social benefits.
Suburban backyards, for example, provide a greater diversity of species and habitat than some natural ecosystems. These ample landscapes also permit better wetland protection than dense, paved-over urban areas. And despite claims that the suburbs are endless, soul destroying rows of homogeneity, the Canadian experience proves them to be lively and welcoming destinations that are especially attractive to minority and immigrant families seeking upward mobility and their share of our collective national dream.
With suburban growth still going strong after 65 years, urban planners and the rest of the “expert” community should stop vilifying the suburbs and instead learn how to embrace and improve them. The suburbs make people very happy. Let’s have more of them.
Correction: Several figures as well as the source provided for the infographic associated with this article were incorrect and have been updated.